There are certain categories of products that remain in North America. These are primarily the prototype boards, the large backplane (>40 layers), and the boards for military use. These boards are classified as high value added.
The prototype boards require very elaborate front-end engineering to bring the part to its final configuration in a reasonable time frame. Prototype boards are never made in numbers, but they may go through a series of iterations before finalization. These boards cover a wide range of complexity with some being highly sophisticated with high layer count, small holes, and buried and blind laser drilled vias. Less than three mil lines and spaces and "via fill"are first encountered here.
The backplane type boards may reach a thickness of 400 mils, and although the holes are usually >20mils, it is the highest aspect ratio demand; 15:1 is actually being manufactured and plated today. This is one of the highest value added products in PCB manufacturing.
To meet these specification requirements, the board shop is forced to seek new and advanced processes in every department in the manufacturing process. Acid copper plating comes under heavy scrutiny, as it is the process that forms the traces and the thru hole connectivity that convey the signal from end to end of the final device.
Challenges and Application Issues
The challenge for acid copper electroplating is to achieve good thickness distribution and surface uniformity, without compromising the metallurgical properties (tensile strength and percent elongation) of the deposit. Problems with thickness distribution are encountered in two primary areas: on the surface and in the plated through hole.
On the surface, over-plating of isolated traces (high current density areas) in comparison to the larger ground plane areas (low current density). In the hole, the challenge is meeting the minimum copper thickness requirements in the center of the high aspect ratio hole or "throwing power."
Surface uniformity is sometimes plagued with the occurrence of nodules, which come from a variety of sources. Gold wire bonding applications have no tolerance to any level of nodulation.
New developments are helping meet this challenge. A big part of the developments are focused on:
- New chemical additive packages for improved distribution;
- mass transfer improvements to compliment the additives;
- nodules elimination by use of insoluble anode;
- and “via filling,” a specific application.
Acid Copper Organic Additives
The additives fall into three main categories:
- Carriers
- Brighteners
- Levelers
Carriers increase the polarization resistance and are current suppressors. The suppression is a result of the carrier being adsorbed to the surface of the cathode; this results in increasing the effective thickness of the diffusion layer. The result is better organization. This gives rise to a deposit with a tighter grain structure. The carrier modified diffusion layer also improves plating distribution without burning the deposit.
The brightener is a grain refiner. Its random adsorption may produce a film that will suppress crystallographic differences. Alternatively, brighteners may be adsorbed preferentially on particular active sites such as lattice kinks, growth steps, or tops of cones, or surface projections in general; growth at these locations are then blocked.
Levelers or leveling agents are inhibitors present at low concentrations in the electrolyte as compared to the depositing metal. In case of a micro profile, the diffusion layer does not follow the profile contour, but is maximum at the valleys and minimum at the peaks. Consequently, in absence of a leveling agent, depositing ions diffuse more rapidly to the peaks than to the valleys, and deposits grow more rapidly on the peaks, resulting in an exaggerated profile.
With good solution agitation, the leveler will accumulate more rapidly and readily at the peaks and it will inhibit growth or deposition. The valleys will allow faster deposit growth and allow the valleys to catch up to the peak, thus creating leveling.
Pulse Plating
For the last few years the copper plating industry was focused on pulse plating and, in particular, periodic pulse reverse, as the solution for all. As time progressed and the level of difficulty continued to climb, the plating current density for pulse began to drop and the primary advantage of plating at higher current density began to disappear.
Add to that the complexity of operating a pulse rectifier with added definition of ASF, forward to reverse ratio, duty cycle and waveform. In many instances, pulse also required an elaborate and frequent scheme of organic regeneration to maintain the copper thickness distribution benefits.
High Throw DC Plating
A new generation of "high throwing power" acid copper systems have come to the market to fill the void. These baths are designed for today's plating currents, which are lower than the traditional 25 to 30 ASF, which was common in the days of double-sided and simpler products.
High throw baths are designed to give the desired physical properties at current densities as low as five ASF and as high as 20 ASF. They produce bright ductile deposits.
These bath types are characterized by a specific combination of an organic additive package that includes a unique leveling agent. The leveler plays a key role in improving throwing power, particularly if it is coupled with eductor (airless) agitation.
Some of these baths can give a throwing power >75% for a 10:1 aspect ratio drilled hole plating one mil in the hole, in a plating time of 90 minutes, in a vertical dip tank mode.
Mass Transfer
Mass transfer becomes a key parameter that must be understood and managed for high aspect ratio plating. An example is plating a 330-mil thick board with a 22-mil hole diameter a 15:1 aspect ratio, an 8-mil hole in a 93- or 125-mil thick board, or a blind via with an aspect ratio greater >1. Mass transfer is influenced first and foremost by diffusion, also affected by solution agitation, and part or rack agitation.
Of course, a reduction in plating rate will always improve distribution by maximizing the role of diffusion for mass transfer.
Diffusion refers to the movement of ions through the solution in response to a concentration gradient. It is a consequence of random molecular motion that operates to produce more uniform distribution throughout the solution. As soon as plating begins to deplete the copper ions in the immediate vicinity of the cathode (in the diffusion layer), diffusion drives more ions in to equalize the concentration. If the plating rate is higher than the rate of diffusion, alternate sources of "mixing" are required.
Eductors
Eductors are used today in many of acid copper plating tanks. They create turbulent solution flow without the use of air sparging. The design and layout of the of the eductor sparging system is important to maximize the solution shearing action at the surface for the board to be plated.
If properly designed, eductors can preclude the need for part agitation. The increased solution flow at the surface as compared to the middle of the hole could be effective in improving the throwing power, provided the chemical additives used are designed to respond preferentially to solution movement.
Eductors eliminate the need for compressed air or air blowers, and also provides a safer environment where acid is not constantly been blown into the air, or the exhaust system.
Insoluble Anode
The use of insoluble anodes is well established in the acid copper conveyorized equipment. They offer a series of advantages over the conventional copper slugs/balls in titanium baskets. The most prominent advantage is the absence of copper anodes, which need to be filmed and bagged to contain naturally occurring sludge from getting on the work. Anodes, even in their purest form, are prolific sources of suspended matter that leads to nodules.
Insoluble anodes eliminate the need for dummy plating to film the anode. The need for standard anode maintenance is also eliminated. The anode shape and dimensions are not altered throughout the life of the insoluble anode.
The insoluble anode requires a continuous supply of copper ions brought into the system from an external source. Some of the methods used to generate copper are the dissolution of copper oxide into the electrolyte, the electrolytic dissolution in an external rectified cell and the use of ozone to oxidize copper metal.
Vertical Plating Lines
Adapting this to vertical plating lines is beginning to make inroads in the industry. The system is referred to as "EZ-Plate"and is available from Network Electronic Marketing Inc. in Phoenix. EZ-plate is the adaptation of a patented titanium coated “Synergy” anode manufactured by Eltech coupled with a "Copper Gobbler."
The Gobbler is a patented dissolution system where air is used as an oxidant to dissolve copper metal into the electrolyte. The copper needed here does not have to be phosphorized or shaped into a ball; 99.9 pure copper cuttings (wire) will work fine here.
The elimination of anode maintenance, the consistency of the anode area and the elimination of the soluble anode as a source of nodulation have proven to be major assets of the EZ-Plate system. The use of the Copper Gobbler precludes finding a source of high purity copper oxide, the cost and the hazard of ozone generation, or cost of rectification.
Via Fill Plating
To meet the demands of high density interconnect, "via filling" is quickly becoming a clear choice for connecting the different layers in buildup technology (stacked vias and vias in pad) manufacturing. They result in an overall improvement in long-term reliability of the PCB and the package.
Suppliers have developed new electrolytes for plugging vias shut. Both pulse plating and DC plating proprietary "via filling" chemistries are available in the marketplace. DC plating offers a series of advantages as it does not require pulse rectification and avoids the complexity of managing a pulse wave. In addition, DC plating systems are stable and do not require the constant regeneration of pulsed electrolytes.
Via filling is based on high depositing ion concentration coupled with a low concentration of a leveling agent, in addition to the carrier and the brightener additives. Most of these systems require optimized solution flow. The flow allows the leveler to accumulate on the surface, thus inhibiting plating while the bottom of the via continues to plate. The plating dynamics in the bottom of the hole are very different than those on the board surface. Eventually as the hole fills, the plating dynamics even out.
Acid copper plating has come a long way since the early days of double and single sided printed wiring boards. Plating challenges will continue to increase as new product demands (lighter, smaller and more reliable) come to market. As one leading edge milestone is conquered, a new one is set. Stay tuned.
